Hoesterey (2008, 95) described Abdullah Gymnastiar or Aa Gym as a celebrity preacher who obtained religious authority from the Muslim community. If traditional religious authority is interpreted to refer to a kiyai, then it is manifested in various figures in the context of the digital era one of them being the preacher. The development of religious authority in Muslim societies in Indonesia is increasingly fragmented along with the development of communication and the information media ( Turner 2007, 120). After the pesantren underwent modernisation, the kiyai’s authority as a single figure in its development diversified into various individuals or institutions such as waqf (Islamic philanthropy) bodies, foundations, cooperatives and so forth. The power of a kiyai strongly influences the development of pesantren. Before modernisation, authority in the pesantren was still entirely concentrated in the figure of the kiyai. Savran Billahi and Idris Thaha ( 2018) explain that the modernisation of education in pesantren (an Islamic boarding school) has encouraged the spread of religious authority in various sources. In addition, the rapid development of modernisation and globalisation has influenced the diversification of religious authority in Muslim societies in Indonesia. Each member of a religious, social organisation tends to recognise and support religious leaders in that organisation. Simply put, in the context of Muslim communities in Indonesia, the plurality of religious authority can be seen from the diversity of religious, social organisations there. Zulkifli (2013) explains that religious authority is indeed pluralised. However, religious authority in Muslim societies is by no means monolithic. The five elements described are the foundation for the formation of religious authority in traditional Muslim societies, especially in rural Javanese communities. Later he added a fifth element kiyai’s involvement in the tarekat (Sufi order).
Robert Pringle (2010, 132) explains that four pillars support the religious authority possessed by a kiyai religious knowledge, genealogical relations with previous chaplains, heredity (the father is a chaplain) and managerial ability (managing boarding schools).
ISSNĪn ISSN is a standardized international code which allows the identification of a serial publication.Īn ISSN consists of eight digits in two groups of four, separated by a hyphen.Scholars, when discussing religious authority in Muslim societies, refer to ulama (a Muslim scholar having Islamic knowledge and respected in the Muslim community) or kiyai (a symbol given to a Muslim who generally leads an Islamic boarding school) (for example, Burhanudin and Baedowi 2003 Pringle 2010). The twelfth digit is a check digit and usually appears at the bottom right of the symbol.Įnter all digits found on the item (e.g., 008817006925).The next ten digits encoded in the symbol are below the bars.The first digit is the Number System Character (NSC) which appears on the left side of the symbol outside of the bars.Hyphens or spaces usually separate the elements of the
The UPC appears as a barcode symbol with 12 digits printed below it. The Universal Product Code (UPC) is a barcode symbol that is used to track trade items in stores (e.g., audio and video products). Enter an OCLC number without leading zeros. OCLC assigns a unique number to each bibliographic record input into WorldCat. Thirteen-digit ISBNs must begin with either 978 or 979. An ISBN is a unique number assigned to an item by its publisher.